Surgery Scheduled

Nolan's surgeon called on Monday. Nolan's case had been presented to the GI team, and they reviewed all of his records. Nolan's reflux is very severe, but his records are a little confusing.

His initial tests (in 2009, prior to diagnosis) were:

Upper GI Barium X-Ray: Entirely Normal (normal anatomy, no reflux noted).
Gastric Emptying Scintiscan: Delayed Gastric Emptying (gastroparesis) noted, normal for reflux.

The other tests from the ENT's office included:

Pharyngeal pH probe, done ON medication (Nexium): significant airway reflux detected.
Pharyngeal pH probe, done ON medication (Nexium + Zantac): significant airway reflux detected.
Upper GI Barium X-Ray (2011): Normal anatomy, one episode of reflux noted.

Fortunately, the remainder of Nolan's tests from the GI doctor's office arrived. Those tests included:

pH Impedence Probe (dual channel): Severe reflux, slow bolus transit time.
Endoscopy with Biopsy and Pathology report: Reflux esophagitis with cellular dysplasia (Barrett's Esophagus).

Whether Nolan has delayed gastric emptying or not is completely insignificant now, because he has cellular changes in his esophagus - these cellular changes are very, very rare in children. The severity of Nolan's reflux, coupled with the respiratory symptoms, is enough to warrant a Nissen Fundoplication. With the cellular changes evident at the age of two, a Nissen Fundoplication is the only real way to proceed.

Barrett's Esophagus is a condition that predisposes people to cancer. The cells exhibit specific changes, and over the course of time, can turn into esophageal adenocarcinoma. The average age of diagnosis for Barrett's Esophagus is 55 years - in other words, the average person with Barrett's is a senior citizen.

Since children with this condition are so very rare, many GI doctors will not see a child who has these changes in the esophagus. I'm not sure how Nolan's original GI doctor missed it, or why she didn't ever do a follow-up endoscopy and surveillance biopsy, but I suppose the point is moot. The GI team at Golisano's saw it, and that is what matters. His GI care will be in Rochester now, anyway, so the little guy will be appropriately cared for.

The surgery (Nissen Fundoplication with Mic-Key button placement) has been scheduled for March 7 at Golisano Children's Hospital (part of Strong Memorial). The surgeon will do a repeat endoscopy with biopsy prior to the surgery.

If the biopsy shows that his esophageal cells have reverted to normal, then we can rest assured that the Barrett's is gone. If the biopsy shows that the dysplasia remains, then Nolan will be scoped and biopsied every six months for the rest of his life. If a scope shows changes in the pathology of the cells (advancing stages of this pre-cancerous condition), then further action would be taken at that time (I won't go into that now).

I'm still flabbergasted that our original GI doc never did a follow-up scope. I know the condition is very rare, but surveillance is mandatory with dysplasia - the risks are simply too high to ignore.

I'm also kicking myself, because this was one of the very few reports that we did not have a copy of. We still don't have an actual copy of the report - I only remember being told (verbally) that the pathology report showed "ectopic gastric mucosa" and "blunted villi," not having any idea of what those two things meant (and searching the interwebs for useful information with those words was futile).

The good news is that there is now a team in place to follow Nolan and to monitor the histological changes. I can't express how grateful I am that we made the decision to transition to Rochester for Nolan's care. And, hopefully, the new biopsy will show healthy, normal cells that haven't been altered by repeated acid exposure.

There are a few research articles on Barrett's Esophagus in children - I'm posting this here for my own reference:

Barrett's Esophagus
http://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo44.html

Barrett's Esophagus in Children: Diagnosis and Management
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1242875/

Endoscopic Surveillance of Children with Barrett's Esophagus
http://www.hon.ch/OESO/books/Vol_5_Eso_Junction/Articles/art282.html

Barrett's Esophagus in Children: A Study of 31 Children:
http://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2004/06001/P1048_Barrett_s_Esophagus_in_Children__A.1172.aspx

Phone Call

Another picture from the Strong Museum of Play

Nolan's surgeon just called. I've never had a doctor do that before.

The crux of the conversation? Nolan is weird.

Not the child, of course, but the medical history and test results.

He was looking at the upper GI bariums, which were normal (barring one episode of reflux). And the gastric emptying scintiscan, which is normal for reflux but shows delayed gastric emptying. And the two pharyngeal pH probes, which were done while Nolan was on medication.

He doesn't have the original esophageal pH probe or the biopsy report.

And so we have some issues.

Since the scintiscan shows delayed gastric emptying in the absence of reflux, a pyloroplasty would be performed along with a Nissen - it is likely his problems are primarily motility related.

He's also concerned about some cellular changes that are casually mentioned in one report. If true, he would need serial monitoring.

And the pharyngeal pH probes are rather cutting edge- since they aren't generally used in the pediatric population, he's putting those aside for the moment. Nolan obviously has airway reflux - heck, he CHOKES on the stuff, but the pharyngeal probes were done on medication and he'd rather have a traditional pH probe.

I will fax Nolan's original pH probe study to the surgeon tomorrow. He'll have to wait a bit longer for the esophageal biopsy results and the pathology report, because I don't have physical copies of those. I have to wait until we get the consent form from the GI doc and then I'll mail it back - once I do that, the GI doc will fax the medical reports directly to the surgeon.

So we aren't scheduling surgery yet. Things aren't so straightforward as the surgeon originally thought, and he's concerned there is some bigger, underlying issue with the progressive nature of the reflux and airway. His exact words were,

"These kids aren't always what they seem. We're learning more about them all the time and sometimes there's something bigger."

Great. I seriously don't want something "bigger."

On the other hand, what an amazing, wonderful, incredible doctor. Taking time at 6:00pm to call a parent to get clarification on medical reports that he is ACTUALLY reading. Trying to figure out the mystery that is Nolan.

Since the regular esophageal pH probe was done when Nolan was 2 years old (along with the gastric emptying scan), he really wants them to be repeated. Which would mean pH probe #4 for the little guy (this time an esophageal one, like the original probe) and GES #2. He would also like another endoscopy/biopsy to look at the little guy's esophagus.

But he's going to talk to the GI team at Strong Memorial first, to get a consensus. And he wants to review the other records.

Looks like things are going to be topsy-turvy for a while.

Pediatric Surgeon Consultation Appointment Made

It is crisp and sunny outside - I am VERY thankful that this winter is starting off on a mild note. I certainly hope it stays this way, at least through the beginning of January!

I made an appointment for Nolan's pediatric surgery consultation. We have an appointment for January 9th at Strong Memorial Hospital to discuss the potential Nissen Fundoplication. Rochester is a good three hours from our house, so we'll probably go up the day before and stay the night. The science museum looks like a fun side-trip, so we're thinking of taking both boys to the museum on the Sunday before the big appointment.

I am not sure what 'happens' at the consultation appointment, but I suspect we'll review his history and go over prior test results. It is possible that a few tests will be ordered (a gastric emptying scan and possibly esophageal manometry), and we will be able to ask our questions. I found a great article on Complex Child that suggests 10 questions every parent should ask before proceeding with a fundoplication:

1. Does the child have motility problems?

This is the biggest question we can't quite answer. Kids with motility problems do worse with fundoplications than kids who have no motility issues. Another gastric emptying scan and esophageal manometry will be able to help answer this question. Nolan had one GES over two years ago, which showed "borderline" gastroparesis (27% emptying time after one hour). The problem is that there is no national standard for pediatric gastric emptying times. In some clinics, Nolan's time would be considered "normal." In others, it would be considered flat-out delayed. We need to re-examine this angle.

2. Have all medical treatments been tried?

Yes. Nolan has been on adult dosages of a proton pump inhibitor and an acid blocker, and the reflux persists. When on certain antibiotics (which should improve potential motility problems), the reflux worsens or remains the same. He has failed medical therapy for reflux.

3. Has my child had the appropriate testing to rule out other conditions that mimic reflux?

Yes. There are many other conditions that mimic reflux (like cyclic vomiting syndrome, eosinophilic esophagitis, etc.). Other than the potential gastroparesis, Nolan has had all of the recommended and required tests:

a) A pH probe to demonstrate the presence of acid reflux, even on high doses of anti-reflux meds (this is the gold standard for diagnosing reflux).
b) Upper endoscopy with biopsies to rule out eosinophilic esophagitis. Nolan's upper endoscopy was performed two years ago, showed reflux damage, ectopic gastric mucosa, and blunted villi in the esophageal tract. Eosinophilic esophagitis was not present.
c) Gastric Emptying Scan. Yes. The gastric emptying scan was performed over two years ago and showed borderline delayed gastric emptying. This is a question that remains, which fits in with the first question regarding motility problems. He has never had manometry performed.
d) Upper GI Barium to rule out anatomical problems: Yes. Nolan has had two upper GI series performed, both of which showed normal anatomy. There is no malrotated intestines or hiatal hernia present.

4. Does my child have a history of vomiting, gagging, or retching?

Possibly. Nolan occasionally goes through vomiting cycles, similar to what is seen in kids with delayed gastric emptying. He often gags and/or chokes on reflux. He does not retch. Again, this ties into possible motility issues that will have to be investigated prior to consenting to a fundoplication. Since Nolan's type of reflux is not typical GERD but is LPR (extra-esophageal), motility medications will probably not help his situation greatly - both sphincters malfunction and the reflux ends up in his airway. In this case, ruling out motility issues will simply help us decide if the fundoplication will cause more harm than good, though when the lungs are affected, a fundoplication is nearly always indicated.

5. Does my child aspirate his secretions or food?

No. Nolan does not have aspiration problems with his saliva or with food. Kids who aspirate their own secretions have a harder time following a fundoplication - and a fundoplication cannot "fix" this problem since the aspiration is of secretions above the level of the reflux. This is not an issue with Nolan, fortunately.

6. Does my child have a history of neuro-irritability, visceral hyperalgesia, or chronic abdominal pain?

No. Nolan is often nauseated, but doesn't seem to be in acute pain very often. This is often seen in children who have neurological impairments, and a fundoplication may worsen abdominal pain in these children. This doesn't apply to Nolan.

7. Has a GJ Tube been tried?

This question was written primarily for children who are receiving a fundoplication for reflux associated with failure-to-thrive issues. In these children, a G-tube is often already present, and the child is not feeding orally.  For these kids, a GJ tube can bypass the stomach entirely and prevent reflux, with fewer side effects than a fundoplication, particularly for children with neurological issues.

In Nolan's case, this is non-applicable. While on the low end of the weight charts, he is not failure-to-thrive. His reflux causes apnea and airway issues, but we have the weight issue under control. He eats orally and does not have a gastrostomy tube, so trying a GJ tube is inappropriate in his case.

8. Does my child have a history of esophageal atresia?

No. Kids with esophageal atresia often perform poorly with fundoplications. This is non-applicable to Nolan.

9. Does my child have dysphagia or feeding problems?

Not really. When in the middle of a bad reflux flare, Nolan will avoid solid food. He was dysphagic as a toddler (difficulty swallowing) due to the reflux, but this has improved greatly with medication. In general, he doesn't have feeding difficulties. There are still questions about his esophageal motility, which ties in to the first question on this form.

10. Is my child under two years of age?

No. Kids under the age of two often "outgrow" reflux. Children over the age of 3 or 4 are nearly all severe, chronic, life-long refluxers. Children under the age of two should not have a fundoplication unless the reflux is life-threatening (apnea, airway, or severe failure-to-thrive are present). At the age of 4 years, 4 months, Nolan's reflux has only gotten worse with time. He will not outgrow the reflux, and faces lifelong high-dose medical therapy, which has proven to be ineffective for him.

The questions provided by this article are great, because it helps us to narrow down the relevant questions prior to consenting to the surgery. Really, the biggest outstanding question is regarding motility issues - we need to get more definitive information on this problem, particularly since Nolan had a questionable gastric emptying scan and a longer-than-normal bolus transit time on his last pH probe.

GI Doctor Consultation

We had our consult with the GI doc in Buffalo yesterday. We learned a lot today (though no closer to knowing what’s going on with the little guy). She isn’t too concerned with his head lag, but is alarmed at his weight. She also said the method that Buffalo Children’s uses for it’s scintiscan is a waste of time. Since Nolan only ingested milk, the scintiscan is useless. They normally have a patient eat a compound with a known digestion time (usually oatmeal or scrambled eggs) to diagnose gastroparesis. So, we don’t really know if he has gastroparesis or not. It was basically a wasted test! She did note that his upper GI was normal, so whatever is going on is not caused by an obstruction, or a funny shaped esophagus.

She took down his history and she wants to scope him, because his weight is too low for his age (and he spits up and pulls food out of his mouth). He’ll have the endoscopy on August 12, with a pH probe placed for a 24 hour study for reflux. With his occasional spitting up, he’s got some symptoms that point to reflux but we haven’t seen it on any of the tests. Unfortunately, this means that he’ll have to stay overnight because they don’t want him pulling the probe out (it will be threaded through his nose into his lower esophagus). This will be done at Mercy hospital in Buffalo - she likes the probe equipment at Mercy better than the stuff they have at Children's.She gave us a case of “DuoCal,” which we are faithfully pouring into each cup of milk/juice that he drinks. Basically, we add the powder to his food or drink, and it adds 49 calories per packet. It’s a fat/carbohydrate powder with no electrolytes, no protein, or anything else that might irritate his system. It is tasteless and simply adds calories/fat. It also turns his apple juice white, which looks strange but apparently tastes just fine.

She did weigh him and he was 23 pounds, 0 ounces (so he’s gained a few ounces in the past few weeks, which is good)! He’s still below the curve, though. She ordered a bazillion stool/blood tests:complete metabolic panel, ESR (sedimentation rate), CBC with differential, amylase, lipase, urinary analysis with micro, celiac panel, GGT, T4, TSH, IgG/A/M/E and IgG with subclass 1, 2, 3, and 4. Then she ordered a stool evaluation for blood, elastase, alpha antitrypsin, pH, reducing substrate, and qualitative fat. We won't have any results until the end of August/beginning of September because she won't divulge test results over the phone. So we won't know the results until we have our follow-up a few weeks after the endoscopy.

I have to phone our local hospital to get the tests set up. Then we have a l.o.n.g. wait until we know what the results are.